The higher the resistance Essay Example for Free

The higher the resistance Essay Aim To see if the length of wire will affect the resistance Factors I will be changing the length of the wire Prediction I predict that the longer the wire the higher the resistance Fair test To make my experiment a fair test I will: iKeep the voltage and amps the same   Keep the equipment in the same position i Keep the thickness of the wire the same i Use the same wire Apparatus The apparatus I will be using are: i Lab pack Ammeter i Voltmeter i Crocodile clips i 1 Metre nichrome wire . Metre ruler i Switch Youre Experiment 1. Place all apparatus onto a table 2. Place apparatus as: Battery then switch then ammeter then wire then place voltmeter parallel to the wire 3. Put one crocodile clip at one end of the nichrome wire and the second 10cm away 4. Read and record the results from voltmeter and ammeter onto a table 5. Keep everything the same (voltmeter and wire) 6. Move the second crocodile clip another 10cm away from the first one 7. Record the result of the voltmeter and the ammeter on the table. 8. Repeat this four more times at 30cm, 40cm, 50cm and 60cm and record the results Diagram Safety Connect all the apparatus correctly make sure that everything works and nothing is faulty. Results First Results Length(cm) Current (A) Voltage (V) Resistance (ohms) 10 3. 29 verage Resistance Length of wire (cm) Average Resistance (ohms) 1Conclusion I found out that the longer the nichrome wire the longer the resistance. Evaluation Erin Brennan 10CAH 09/05/2007 Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Electricity and Magnetism section.

Custom Written Term Papers: Othello Is a Tragedy of Fortune

Othello Is a Tragedy of Fortune  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   In William Shakespeare’s tragedy Othello we find a tragedy of fortune, in which the Moor falls from a great height into dishonor and disgrace. Let us dwell upon this theme in this essay.    H. S. Wilson in his book of literary criticism, On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy, discusses the misfortunes in the play and the hero’s attitude:    But if a man is betrayed into destroying what he loves most, if he ruins himself through his own folly without understanding what he is doing or being able to help himself, and then is forced to look at just what he has done and acknowledge his fault, his misfortune is harder than most. There is nothing necessarily tragic about the misfortune itself, hard though it is. Terrible misfortunes happen to   people every day. We read about them in the newspaper, and turn over the page. The tragic quality lies not in the happening alone, but chiefly in the human attitude to it. (60)    In her book, Everybody’s Shakespeare: Reflections Chiefly on the Tragedies, Maynard Mack comments on the heroine’s final song, a song of fortune:    The most moving retrospectives come later. Desdemona, preparing for bed on the night that will be her last, remembers her mother’s maid â€Å"called Barbary†:    She was in love, and he she loved proved mad And did forsake her. She had a song of â€Å"Willow;† An old thing ‘twas; but it expressed her fortune, And she died singing it. That song to-night Will not go from my mind. (4.3.25)    Here time present, in which Desdemona speaks and sings, and time future, in which we know she (like Barbary) is to die from an absolute fidelity to her intuition of what love is and means, recede... ... Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Shakespeare: The Pattern in His Carpet. N.p.: n.p., 1970.    Gardner, Helen. â€Å"Othello: A Tragedy of Beauty and Fortune.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from â€Å"The Noble Moor.† British Academy Lectures, no. 9, 1955.    Jorgensen, Paul A. William Shakespeare: The Tragedies. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1985.    Mack, Maynard. Everybody’s Shakespeare: Reflections Chiefly on the Tragedies. Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press, 1993.    Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.    Wilson, H. S. On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy. Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1957.

Baku-Tblisi-Ceyhan Pipeline and the Kurdish Issue

Baku-Tblisi-Ceyhan Pipeline and the Kurdish Issue The Baku-Tblisi-Ceyhan (BTC) oil pipeline links the Caspian sea to the Eastern Mediterranean, it runs 1, 768 km long and is the second longest oil pipeline in the former Soviet Union, extending through the former Soviet republics of Azerbaijan and Georgia, as well as Turkey. At its capacity it can pump up to 1 million barrels (160,00 m3) of oil per day. The construction of the pipeline was a massive undertaking costing upwards of US$3. 9 billion.This considered the pipeline was funded 70% by third parties (dominated by British Petroleum). Even well before it’s completion the BTC pipeline has had a remarkable effect on the world’s oil politics; some critics have gone as far to argue that it has directly affected the geopolitics of the Palestinian conflict. One can clearly see the important monetary reasons to this pipeline, however what will be dealt with more in this essay will be it’s contributions to world polit ics and the controversies that surround it.The BTC pipeline is nothing short of an engineering feat, extending almost exactly 1, 768 km across extremely difficult terrain and diverse climatic and geological zones; techniques and chemical coatings which may have worked perfect for one region had to be changed for others. What sets the BTC pipeline apart though is how this ambitious undertaking affects the myriad communities and millions of citizens, making the pipeline not only an economic undertaking but also a socio-political issue.The South Caucasus, formerly an underappreciated region of Russia, is now of extreme strategic significance; the US along with many other Western powers have vested interests in the affairs of these three nations through which the pipeline runs. The BTC pipeline bypasses the territory of the Russian Federation. It transits through the former Soviet republics of Azerbaijan and Georgia, both of which have become US â€Å"protectorates†, firmly integ rated into a military alliance with the US and NATO. It goes without saying that the pipeline is all about the oil, but it is equally about the social and civic development of the participating countries.In order to properly discuss the social and environmental issues of the BTC project, one must first have an adequate frame of reference from which the project can be judged. There are many principles which one can use including those outlined by the World Bank. However for the purposes of this paper, the Equator Principles will be used. The EPs are a set of principles – outlined by Citigroup, ABN AMRO, Barclays and WestLB – are a voluntary set of principles for determining social and environmental risk in project financing.The Principles, adopted by seventeen leading private banks, specify that said Banks would only provide loans to projects, which meet a number of conditions. These conditions include that projects comply with the International Finance Corporation (IFC ) policies, that they follow the host country laws, among other specific requirements. A review in 2003 examined the BTC pipeline; this paper will examine the Turkish section of this review (while many of the same systemic failures were found just as well in Azerbaijan and Georgia).Based on a rigorous study of the BTC project documents, and also on two international FACT finding Missions to the pipeline route, this review found that BTC project is in breach of five EP-referenced IFC standards on 127 accounts. These sections include: 53 counts in Environmental Assessment; 7 counts in Natural Habitats; 30 counts in Indigenous Peoples; 28 counts in Involuntary Resettlement; 9 counts in Cultural Property The study also found that the project was in breach of international standards such as World Bank standards, European Union Directive on Environmental Impact Assessment, European Bank of Reconstruction & Development.This would be a massive undertaking to properly examine all of the claims made against the BTC project, so focus will instead be put in three areas: Natural Habitats, Indigenous Peoples, and Involuntary resettlement. In doing so this paper will examine the example given by the Kurdish community of Turkey. The Kurds are an example of a nation without a state; they are an ethno-linguistic group without any central state. They comprise 18% of the Turkish population (an estimated 14 million).When establishing the pipeline, Turkey strategically rerouted the pipeline away from the heavily Kurdish areas and the South-East; that being said much of the pipeline still runs through areas that require heavily armed guarding. When looking at the EP section Impacts and indigenous peoples and communities (chapter 8), the project scored a non-compliance stating that â€Å"the impacts on indigenous peoples and ethnic minorities not considered at all (notably the Kurds)†. The Kurds, an ethnic minority of the region, can apply for OD 4. 0 (Indigenous Peoples r ights, section 8. 3), however when BTC co. overlooked this to speed the construction process along they broke not only the Equator principles but also the World Bank principles. Specifically the BTC project has failed to ensure that the Kurds benefited from this project, and failed to ensure that the Kurds were adequately informed about the project prior to it’s completion. Also the project did not even attempt to draw up an ethnic minorities’ development plan (which would include schooling funding among other social programs).Operational Directive 4. 30, Involuntary Resettlement, sets out the requirements for resettlement and adequate compensation for land acquisition. Fact-finding missions outlined in the EP document emergency powers had been used to override OD 4. 30. In many cases displacement occurred before compensation was complete, and when compensation was given the rates were too low. None of the communities were informed of their rights in regards to the lan d expropriation. Much of the criticism coming from the consultation process of the BTC co. s interesting however, because the project did put in place comprehensive public consultation and disclosure processes commencing in mid-2001 with a process of stakeholder identification and preliminary consultation during project scoping; information briefs and consultations with local authorities and local NGOs followed very shortly after this. On the IFC website, the claim is made that they were informed that the members of the Kurdish communities all were fluent in Turkish. As a result of this mistreatment of the Kurdish communities, which the pipeline passes through, many Kurdish militant groups have taken to sabotaging the pipeline.The Kurdish workers party (PKK) has publicly taken credit for much of this sabotage. However there was no mention of whether they adequately explain (in Turkish of Kurdish) their rights with regards to land expropriation. As a result one can see that BTC is ma king the bare minimum of effort required to the Kurdish communities; they claim that they are meeting with the members of the community and yet there still seems to be opposition with pipeline sabotage. Some have argued that this is just an attempt to discredit the Turkish state and bring attention to their nationalist causes in regards to Kurdistan. Regardless of hich, the BTC project has not adequately equipped these communities with the means to consult with these large firms. Much of the political tension arising from the pipeline is a direct result of the lack of environmental accountability. At 1 million barrels a day, the amount of CO2 produced in a year is equal to an entire power industry in the UK. The region of Turkey that the pipeline runs through historically is prone to major earthquakes, and there has not been adequate preparation for this. The BTC project is suffering these problems because of a complete disregard to these standards, but rather seemingly because of a rushed approach.Couple the Kurdish issue with the evident disregard for any form of environmental accountability along with many other problems found in the two ex-soviet countries not mentioned in this paper and the project is simply not sustainable. If adequate structures are not put in place to allow for public dissent, the BTC is doomed to continually suffer sabotage to their pipelines. This is perhaps not such a problem from the perspective of BP, who clearly can afford this expense; it is however an embarrassing light to be shone on Turkey. If for no other reason, Turkey should be pressing for changes in the BTC structure.

Musical Elements Of The Vietnam War - 2142 Words

During the course of this analytical essay it can be shown that the two pieces, 8th November and (We’ll Be Singing Hallelujah) Marching through Berlin, express emotions that soldiers have felt during and after a war, through the use of musical elements. It can be established that the first song, 8th November reflects the Vietnam War, through the use of Dynamics, Pitch and Timbre. Similarly, the second piece evaluated and analysed, (We’ll Be Singing Hallelujah) Marching through Berlin also utilises the musical elements of Dynamics, Pitch and Timbre to reflect emotions and memories of past and present soldiers. The wars that these songs are about, the Vietnam War (occurring between the years 1955 and 1975, involving many countries including, South Vietnam, North Vietnam, U.S., United Kingdom and Australia.) And World War II (took place between the years 1939 and 1945, involving almost every country in the world.), can be clearly recognised throughout the style of the pie ce, lyrics and the musical elements found in the two songs. Expressive devices have been used throughout both songs to express emotions towards the wars of their era. During 8th November, dynamics are used extensively in 8th November. These emotions relate to the past and the present soldiers battling and their experiences during and after a war. A fair portion of this song has been performed in moderately loud1 (Mezzo-forte), however the record also has the additional, louder2 (Forte) dynamic for theShow MoreRelatedEssay on Woodstock1677 Words   |  7 Pagesyouth, united people of all ages, races, and sexes, and defined a generation, making it one of the most important musical events of all time. 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Vietnam was the first warRead MoreBob Dylan s Poem A Hard Rain s A Gon Na Fall1734 Words   |  7 Pagesthe summer of 1962, Dylan’s song conveys the predicaments of the society in the past and the present (Wikipedia). Issues related to faith, violence, exploitation and injustice of human are portrayed through the lyrics, allusions and the other musical elements of A Hard Rain’s A-Gonna Fall. Dylan depicts how religion supports the human’s faith through the allusions to god and religious facts in his lyrics. As a Christian, Dylan believes in god and refers to him as the â€Å"blue-eye son† (Dylan). ThusRead MoreCompare and Contrast Between Hair and Rent1826 Words   |  8 Pagescomedy, musicals. However, it is the sub-divisions within these major genres that evoke unique performances and experiences. One branch of the musical genre, the rock musical, is simply a theatrical work that contains rock music. The play’s story is told not only through spoken dialogue, but through songs as well. This type of musical has only emerged recently, roughly fifty years ago, with the opening of Hair. It was with this production that the rock musical became an important part of musical theatreRead MoreMusic s Influence On America1467 Words   |  6 Pages Intro Music Music’s Influence on America in the Last Century This class is my first opportunity at exploring music through a broad and historical lens. Certainly I’ve learned plenty of information about how music is composed and what elements go into creating the music we have today. However, my favorite part of the class was learning about the history of American music and how it influenced culture. One could argue that culture affected music first, or vice versa. In my opinion, there areRead MoreThe Song Bring Em Home 1743 Words   |  7 Pages The song â€Å"Bring ‘em Home† was a protest song about the Vietnam War. The song was written and performed by Pete Seeger. Pete Seeger was born in May 3, 1919. Since birth Pete Seeger had a musical orientated childhood. His parents were both involved with music in some way. His father majored in musicology and his mother was a concert violinist. Pete became interested with music in his teenage years. Seeger went on to the Harvard University but later dropped out. â€Å"Pete m et, traveled and performed with